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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available November 18, 2025
  2. Rapid progress has been achieved in thin film CdTe solar cells, reaching a power conversion efficiency of 22.1 %. Researchers demonstrated a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of ≈ 31 mA/cm2 and a fill factor (FF) of ≈ 79 %, close to the theoretically calculated maximum values. However, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) remains below 0.9 V, much lower than the estimated Voc of 1.2 V. One strategy to improve the Voc is to implement a passivated back-contact on CdTe that can reduce the recombination by repelling minority carriers at the surface (i.e., electrons in CdTe). An aluminum oxide thin film (Al2O3) is an attractive candidate owing to its innate fixed negative charges (1012 ~ 1013 cm-2). Here, we use a patterned Al2O3 layer on CdTe to produce PERC-like CdTe solar cells (CdTe PERC). 
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